The Bufflehead is one of the smallest and most energetic ducks seen across the Mid-Atlantic during the colder months. Known for their crisp black-and-white plumage and endearing diving displays, these compact waterfowl bring color and motion to ponds, lakes, and coastal bays each winter. Though they may only visit briefly before migrating north to breed, Buffleheads are a highlight for winter birdwatchers and an important reminder of the value of healthy aquatic habitats.
Identification
Buffleheads are small diving ducks measuring about 13–15 inches long with a wingspan of 21 inches. Males are easily recognized by their glossy black heads with a large white patch behind each eye, bright white sides, and iridescent green and purple highlights. Females and juveniles are smaller, with more muted gray-brown bodies and a distinctive white cheek patch.
On the water, Buffleheads sit high and compact, often diving in quick, graceful motions to catch aquatic insects or crustaceans. In flight, their fast wingbeats and clean white underwings make them easy to identify even from a distance.
Habitat
In the Mid-Atlantic, Buffleheads spend their winters on coastal bays, inland ponds, rivers, and reservoirs. They prefer open water bordered by wooded shorelines or wetlands where they can feed and rest safely. Unlike some diving ducks that gather in large flocks, Buffleheads are typically seen in pairs or small groups, often alongside Goldeneyes or Mergansers.
During summer, they migrate to northern Canada and Alaska, where they nest in tree cavities—often those created by Northern Flickers or other woodpeckers. Their dependence on these natural nest sites highlights the importance of maintaining woodland habitats near clean water sources.
What Do Buffleheads Eat?
Buffleheads feed primarily by diving beneath the surface, where they search for aquatic invertebrates, crustaceans, and small fish. In freshwater habitats, they eat insects, snails, and larvae, while in coastal areas they favor amphipods and small shellfish.
While they rarely visit backyard feeders, you can still support Buffleheads and other migrating waterfowl by:
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Keeping ponds and water features ice-free with aerators or heaters to provide open water during winter.
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Maintaining native shoreline vegetation for shelter and natural food sources.
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Offering duck and waterfowl feed or cracked corn in open, low-traffic areas near water.
The Mill recommends:
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Whole and Cracked Corn – A traditional waterfowl favorite, best offered along shorelines.
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Whole Corn – A natural, energy-rich choice for feeding ducks, geese, wild turkeys, and deer during the winter months. Whole corn provides an excellent calorie source for maintaining body heat in cold weather and is available in 50 lb. bags at The Mill.
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The Mill Supreme Blend Bird Seed – Perfect for mixed habitats where songbirds and waterfowl may overlap.
Behavior and Migration
Buffleheads are strong, agile fliers that migrate thousands of miles each year. They typically arrive in the Mid-Atlantic region by late October or early November and remain through March. Watch for their quick dives and short surface intervals—they stay underwater for 10–20 seconds at a time before popping back up.
Despite their small size, Buffleheads are hardy and resilient, enduring freezing conditions that drive other ducks southward. Their loyalty to specific wintering sites means you’re likely to see them return to the same pond or bay year after year.
Conservation and Coexisting
Bufflehead populations are currently stable, thanks to efforts that protect wetlands, clean waterways, and mature forests. Providing healthy aquatic habitats supports not only Buffleheads but also countless other species that rely on these ecosystems.
To make your property more waterfowl-friendly:
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Plant native shoreline grasses and shrubs to prevent erosion and improve water quality.
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Avoid using lawn chemicals that can run off into streams or ponds.
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Keep a buffer of natural vegetation along the water’s edge
Shop Wild Bird and Wildlife Supplies at The Mill
Whether you are a backyard birder or a waterfowl enthusiast, The Mill offers a variety of feeds, habitat supplies, and expert advice to help you care for birds all year long. Explore our full selection of Wild Bird & Wildlife Feed and Supplies to support native birds and the ecosystems they depend on.
The Bufflehead’s arrival each winter is a reminder of nature’s resilience and the importance of preserving habitats for migratory birds. With a little care and the right resources, you can enjoy these delightful ducks and help protect their future.
